91吃瓜网

A is used before consonant sounds: a fantastic foursome, a three-year contract. An is used before vowel sounds: an obvious answer, an NHL mark, an accelerated MBA, an MFA in Creative Writing.

Only use abbreviations if necessary, when space dictates or on second reference. If so, use standard abbreviations. A&S is not acceptable to abbreviate the College of Arts and Sciences. Frequently used standard abbreviations include the following:

• ACT
• a.m.; p.m.
• GPA
• MLB
• Mr.; Ms.
• NBA
• NFL
• RN
• SAT

Merriam-Webster鈥檚 Collegiate Dictionary听provides an extensive list of standard abbreviations. Some names can be used on first reference, including the names of government agencies, associations, service organizations and unions: CIA, NAACP, UN, YMCA.

For most two-letter abbreviations, do not use periods, like degrees. Lisa earned a BA in Anthropology.

See also:听acronyms听and听degrees.

Adelphi鈥檚 accreditation statement must appear in descriptive, programmatic publications that are more than four pages in length. It should read as follows:

Safety First

Colleges and universities are required under federal law to publish and make available an annual campus security report, which includes, among other information, statistics on campus crime. The crime statistics for all colleges and universities required to comply with this law are available from the United States Department of Education.

91吃瓜网鈥檚 annual security report includes statistics for the previous three years concerning reported crimes that occurred on campus; in certain off-campus buildings or property owned or controlled by 91吃瓜网; and on public property within, or immediately adjacent to and accessible from, the campus. The report also includes institutional policies concerning campus security, such as policies concerning alcohol and drug use, crime prevention, the reporting of crimes, sexual assault, emergency response plan, timely warnings, fire statistics, missing students and other matters. The advisory committee on campus safety will provide upon request all campus crime statistics as reported to the U.S. Department of Education. You may obtain a copy of this report by contacting the Department of Public Safety and Transportation, Levermore Hall, lower level, 516.877.3500 or by accessing adelphi.edu/safety-transportation/.

The United States Department of Education鈥檚 website for campus crime statistics is听.

As a reminder, the rear of any 91吃瓜网 ID card provides you with weather advisory and alert numbers to obtain information on any possible delayed openings or school closings. To register for Rave Alert emergency notifications, log on to eCampus () and click on Services, University Mass Notification.

Accreditation

91吃瓜网, an independent, comprehensive institution, is chartered by the University of the State of New York and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2680, 267.284.5000; the New York State Education Department, 89 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12234, 518.474.3852; the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 530, Washington, D.C. 20036, 202.887.6791; the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language-Pathology, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2200 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850-3289, 800.638.8255; the Council on Social Work Education, 1701 Duke Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314, 703.683.8080; the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP), 1140 19th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20036, 202.223.0077; and AACSB International-The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, 777 South Harbor Island Boulevard, Suite 750, Tampa, FL 33602-5730, 813.769.6500.

Equal Opportunity

91吃瓜网 is committed to extending equal opportunity in employment and educational programs and activities to all qualified individuals and does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, age, color, creed, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, ethnicity, national origin, disability, genetic disposition or carrier status, veteran status, status as a disabled or Vietnam-era veteran, gender expression, or any other basis protected by applicable local, state or federal laws. 91吃瓜网 does not discriminate on the basis of sex with any education program or activity it operates as required by Title IX. All questions regarding Title IX should be referred to our Title IX Office at titleix@adelphi.edu. The discrimination coordinator for student concerns pursuant to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is Rosemary Garabedian, Director of the Student Access Office, Post Hall, 516.877.3145,听sao@adelphi.edu; the discrimination coordinator for employee concerns pursuant to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is Allison Vernace, chief of community concerns and resolution, Room 106, Levermore Hall,听516.877.6808

Acronyms are abbreviations that spell out pronounceable words: NATO, UNICEF, EXCEL. Periods are generally not used in acronyms. If it is not a commonly used acronym, spell out the entire name on first reference and put the acronym in parentheses on first reference: science, technology, math and engineering (STEM).

If a commonly used acronym, put full name in parentheses on first reference. Some acronyms don鈥檛 have a spelled-out version: radar, scuba.

Note: Acronyms are often a barrier to clear and accessible communication.听 For this reason, 听Adelphi听usually听discourages their听use on our website, in our stories, and in communications with students and families.听听Before you use听 an acronym, please consider how it would be pronounced if spoken aloud and if the meaning of the word best represents the project.听If you need to repeatedly use a long proper name in a story or email, try to refer generically to听the project, the organization, the program,听etc., rather than using an acronym.

These words are not capitalized.

John said acting President Julie Smith would give a lecture on the humanities. Julie stated she wanted former President Clinton to make an appearance.

Spell out and capitalize听avenue, street, building, boulevard, lane, court, parkway, expressway, place, road, square听and听terrace听when they are part of an address or name.听When they stand alone or are used collectively following two or more proper nouns, lowercase:听First and Second avenues.听When space is limited and the street number is listed, it is OK to abbreviate听avenue,听boulevard, etc., but never in running text:听123 West Main St., Garden City, NY 11530. Turn right at South Avenue.

Capitalize and spell out building when it is part of a proper noun, but not when it stands alone or is used collectively:听the State Tower Building, the Empire State and Chrysler buildings.

Distinguish whether it is a phone or fax number, but not an email or web address. Emails, phone numbers, including extensions听(ext. 0000), and听URLs听are always听bold in publications. For consistency, use these terms in the same order throughout the document. Fax is used to distinguish from a telephone number.

It is unnecessary to indicate telephone, email or website with these elements.

The correct form of return address for most general usages is as follows:

91吃瓜网
One South Avenue
P.O. Box 0701
Garden City, NY 11530-0701

Our editorial style is adviser; use advisor only if part of a proper noun.

Affect, as a verb, means to influence.听Sally鈥檚 decision will affect the schedule of summer vacations.

Avoid affect as a noun, though some psychologists use it to describe emotion. Also, avoid misusing affect (to influence) and effect (to bring about).

The preferred term is Black, since individuals may identify as African, Afro-Caribbean or other.

Use听African American听if a group (or individual) refers to itself as such. Refer to groups as Black students, Black faculty members, etc., not Blacks.

This term is one word when used as an adjective and describing a program.听Johnny has several afterschool activities.

Otherwise, after school is two words.听She went to work after school.

Ages are always set in numerals.听She has a 2-year-old son. Sam is 7 years old. Jamie plays football with 8-year-olds.

Use of all capitals is discouraged in standard writing as a way to emphasize text. It should be used only in advertising copy.

Alphabetize letter by letter and up to the first comma that is not part of a series. Spaces, hyphens, apostrophes, slashes and the letters that follow them are considered part of one word. For example:

left
left, far
left, radical
left field
left-hand
leftism
leftism and the 1980s
left wing
lefty

Initials in personal names are used in place of a given name if they come before any name beginning with the same letter:

Smith, C. Michael
Smith, G. Thomas
Smith, Sally
Smith, Susie

Alphabetize acronyms by letter, and alphabetize numbers as if they were spelled out. Accented or other specially treated letters鈥攕uch as those with umlauts鈥� should be alphabetized as though unaccented.

Treat personal names containing particles such as听de, la, di, la, von, van听and听saint听on a case-by-case basis, because spacing after such elements varies according to personal preference. Alphabetize听惭鈥�, Mc听or听Mac听letter by letter鈥攏ot as though the听惭鈥�听or听Mc听were an abbreviation for听Mac.

Depending on the context,听alum听is acceptable in running text.

Always use the correct word for gender and number.

• Alumna听is feminine singular.
  Laura is an alumna of 91吃瓜网.
• Alumnus听is masculine (or mixedgender) singular.
  Sebastian is an alumnus.
• Alumni听is masculine (or mixedgender) plural.
  James, Chris and Wendy are alumni.

• Alumnae听is feminine plural.
  Cindy and Lauren are alumnae.

Use the following forms for undergraduate class year:听Peter Rodgers 鈥�03.

Only 91吃瓜网 graduates are identified by two-digit abbreviated years.

For alumni with a degree higher than a bachelor鈥檚, use a comma after the name and after the degree.听Ann Brown, MA 鈥�08, and John Petrov 鈥�83, MBA 鈥�85.

For Adelphi alumni, we list the degrees and years received for all degrees. For non-alumni, we include doctoral degrees only.

Use听freshman听or听first-year student,听sophomore,听junior听or听senior听when referring to a student who has not graduated. We do not use anticipated years of graduation unless using the name as a writer byline on the Adelphi news site or in a print publication.

When listing two or more alumni:

List the name of an earlier graduate first.

It is OK to list the graduation year only once for couples who graduated the same year.听Chris and Christina Smith 鈥�03.

If a couple is married and graduated in different years, list the earlier graduate first and the class year after each name.听Chris 鈥�02 and Christina Smith 鈥�03.

Two or more alumni from the same family can be referred to with full names and dates of graduation following each name.听Siblings Georgette Smith 鈥�89, Josephine Jones 鈥�91 and Michael Smith 鈥�93 wore pink in honor of breast cancer awareness.

Only use the ampersand (&) if it is part of an official name or title:听AT&T, Simon & Schuster, Procter & Gamble Co.

Do not substitute an ampersand for the word听and.

Use a smart apostrophe (鈥�) and not a dumb apostrophe (‘). Make sure it faces in the correct direction (i.e., same as the right single quotation mark).

All quotes and facts obtained from other sources should be attributed. Use said or another verb in the past tense when attributing quotes. The speaker usually comes before said to keep the writing in the active voice.听鈥淓xcuse me,鈥� the man said.

The inverted order is acceptable when the speaker is identified with a long title.听鈥淧ass the remote,鈥� said Joe McIntosh, president of the Technology Committee.

Our preference is to use person-first language and refer to a person or group as being on the autism spectrum rather than听with autism spectrum disorder.听On second reference,听on the spectrum can be used. However, it is acceptable to refer to someone with autism spectrum disorder if the individual or group prefers it.

Between refers to two persons or things. Among refers to more than two.

The conversation was between Betty and Sally.

We selected among King Kullen, Key Food and Stop & Shop.

Hyphens are usually not used with bi-:听bilingual, bipolar, biweekly, bimonthly.

Biannual means twice a year and is a synonym for semiannual; biennial means every two years.

Only capitalize when using with the formal or full title of an organization.听91吃瓜网鈥檚 Board of Trustees meets once a month. He is on the board.

List only the publisher and year when referring to a book:听Sebastian Gardenhire 鈥�04 wrote The Art of Stitching (Random House, 2011).

Book titles are always听italicized, except when the font is already italicized, in which case, use roman.

Adelphi has several building and conference rooms on campus. The following are their official names:

• Adele and Herbert J. Klapper Center for Fine Arts
• Alice Brown Early Learning Center
• 91吃瓜网 Performing Arts Center (AUPAC)
  • Black Box Theatre
  • Concert Hall
    • Westermann Stage
  • Dance Studio
  • Lucia and Steven N. Fischer Box Office
  • Olmsted Theatre
  • Recital Hall
• Alumnae Hall
• Angello Alumni House
• Blodgett Hall
• Center for Recreation and Sports
  • Campbell Lounge
• Chapman Hall
• Earle Hall
• Eddy Hall
• Hagedorn Hall of Enterprise
  • James Riley, Jr. Trading Room
• Harvey Hall
• Hy Weinberg Center for Communication Disorders
• Janet L. Ficke Field
• Levermore Hall
• Linen Hall
• Motamed Field
• Residence Hall A
• Residence Hall B
• Nexus Building and Welcome Center
  • Below-grade parking garage
• Post Hall
• Ruth S. Harley University Center
  • Angela and Barry Zeman Commuter Student Lounge
  • Thomas Dixon Lovely Ballroom
• Science Building
  • McDonell Chemistry Laboratory
• Social Work Building
• Swirbul Library
• Waldo Hall
• William J. Bonomo Field
• Woodruff Hall
  • Arvilla E. Nolan Swimming Pool

Bulleted items should begin with a capital letter and end with punctuation only if they are complete sentences. If they are fragments, still capitalize, but drop ending punctuation.

If necessary, avoid combining bullets with complete sentences and fragments. Rewrite if necessary for consistency.

Lowercase campus in running text, but capitalize in all other uses (listings, stacked text, etc.).

Only proper nouns should be capitalized. Avoid capitalizing other words unless they are part of a company or organization鈥檚 name. If there is no listing in this style guide for a particular word or phrase, consult听The Associated Press Stylebook听and听Merriam-Webster鈥檚 Collegiate Dictionary.

The,听a听or听an听are never capitalized unless they are part of a name.

Capitalize 91吃瓜网鈥檚 majors, minors, programs of study, departments or offices when referring to an official title.听Valerie is majoring in biology. The Department of Art and Art History is hosting an event. She is pursuing a BS in Chemistry.

On second reference,听College, School听and听Institute听(e.g., Derner) should be capitalized when referring to Adelphi鈥檚 academic units.

On forms, it is acceptable to capitalize all words, even if they are not proper nouns. Just be consistent.

Do not use a period unless it is a complete sentence.

Usecatalogue only if part of a proper noun, as it is the British spelling.

Adelphi has several academic centers on and off campus. The听Hauppauge Education and Conference Center, Manhattan Center, Hudson Valley Center听and听Adelphi Sayville听are all Adelphi locations off campus.

Use full name upon first reference; afterward they can be referred to as centers or learning hubs.听The Learning Center听and听Writing Center听are both on the Garden City campus.

Certificates should be treated like degrees鈥攃apitalize only when referring to an official title.听Jim obtained a Certificate in Accounting.

This term is always one word.

Note: This is a change from the 2015 edition of the University Editorial Manual.

This term is always two words and unhyphenated.

Spell out the names of cities and towns on first reference.

In running text, use:

Barack Obama, president of the United States; President Obama; Hillary Clinton, secretary of state; Secretary of State Clinton; the secretary of state; Andrew Cuomo, governor of the state of New York; Governor Andrew Cuomo; the governor of New York.

Abbreviate听Honorable, unless it is preceded by听the:

Hon. James Stewart, the Honorable Roger T. Jackson III.

Always lowercase terms designating the academic years:听first-year, sophomore, junior听and听senior.

Hyphenate when forming nouns, verbs and adjectives indicating a title:听co-chair; co-author; co-worker.

Hyphens are not used in almost all other cases:听coed; coeducation; cooperation; cooperate; coexist.

A&S is not acceptable to abbreviate College of Arts and Sciences. Always spell out the entire proper name.

91吃瓜网 comprises eight colleges and schools. After first reference using the full name of the school (Ruth S. Ammon College of Education and Health Sciences), the abbreviated school names may be used (e.g.,听Ammon College of Education). Acceptable abbreviations follow in parentheses:

• College of Arts and Sciences
• Ruth S. Ammon College of Education and Health Sciences
• College of Nursing and Public Health
• Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology (Derner School of Psychology)
• Honors College
• Robert B. Willumstad School of Business (Willumstad School of Business)
• School of Social Work
• College of Professional and Continuing Studies

In most instances, the colleges and schools of the University should appear in alphabetical order. However, for certain publications, such as the Commencement Program, they should appear in order of founding. Publications that list the schools in order of founding should note that they have done so.

On first mention of any of the schools or colleges above in running copy, use 91吃瓜网 as part of the school or college鈥檚 full name.

Do not use the final comma when using听and听or听or听in a series, unless part of a proper noun or for sense.听The Hudson Valley Center offers the newest technology, modern facilities and great opportunities for Adelphi students.

Capitalize the formal ceremony; lowercase the generic usage.

Capitalize only when part of a formal name:听Advisory Committee on Campus Security.

Continual means frequently occurring or intermittent. Continuous refers to actions that are uninterruptible.

The 2020 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has introduced several words and terms that we are using in our everyday language.

coronavirus听

This refers to a family of viruses, named for the crownlike spikes on their surfaces. There are many coronaviruses, including the common cold, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome). The novel coronavirus that was identified in 2019 is called COVID-19. It is acceptable to use听the coronavirus听when referring to this particular strain (include听the).

COVID-19

We prefer using all caps, per the听AP Style Guide听and Merriam-Webster. 鈥淐O鈥� stands for corona, 鈥淰I鈥� for virus, 鈥淒鈥� for disease, and 听鈥�19鈥� for 2019.

cancel, canceled, canceling, cancellation

Spell these words with one听l,听the preferred spelling in American English, as opposed to the British spelling听(cancelled, cancelling).听

epidemic, pandemic

An epidemic is the rapid spreading of a disease in a particular region. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread worldwide.

social distancing

Maintaining a greater than usual physical distance from other people or objects to minimize exposure. Two words, no hyphen.

isolation, quarantine, self-quarantine

Isolation听is separating people who are sick from healthy people.听Quarantine听is restricting movement of healthy people to see if they become ill. Hyphenate听self-quarantine,听the practice of refraining oneself from contacting other individuals for a period of time.

front line, front lines, front-line

Front line is two words as a noun and hyphenated as an adjective.

For more words and definitions, see Merriam-Webster.com鈥檚 鈥�听and听

Corporate titles and offices are always lowercase in running text when following the name:听Charles Charge, president and chief executive officer, CNN; the president and chief executive officer; Herman Harowitz, chairman and chief executive officer, United Way; the chairman of the corporation.

This term is always one word.

Note: This is a change from the 2015 edition of the University Editorial Manual.

Use credits, not credit hours, since the latter is redundant. Always use numerals for credits, even if it is less than 10, unless the number begins a sentence.听Lisa needs 3 credits to graduate.

Always use an听em dash听(鈥�) with no spaces when emphasizing a separate clause in a sentence. Use听em dashes听to enclose a word or word group that interrupts the main structure.听The projects鈥攁ll three of them鈥攁re due this afternoon.听Dashes can be substituted for a colon (:).

An听en dash听(鈥�) is used to show duration.听He brought between 12鈥�14 apples, 10:00 a.m.鈥�11:00 a.m., 2010鈥�2015.

Dates are spelled out unless space constraints disallow:听August 28, 2015. However, 9/11 is acceptable when referring to September 11, 2001.

Don鈥檛 use a comma when listing only a month and year: February 2021.

Never abbreviate days of the week, unless space dictates.

Words or numbers are both acceptable, as long as style remains consistent.听Peter graduated in the 鈥�90s. The sixties were tumultuous times.

Do not use an apostrophe before the听s. A hyphen is used when mid- precedes the decade.

Capitalize official names of degrees.:听Bachelor of Science in Biology; MS in Professional Accounting,听are always capitalized. Lowercase if not using the official name.听George earned an MS in Professional Accounting;听Jane has a master鈥檚 in accounting; Jim graduated with a bachelor鈥檚 in biology.听

Degrees are referred to as a bachelor鈥檚, master鈥檚 or doctoral degree. A听doctorate听is synonymous with听doctoral degree.

Avoid the redundancy of combining the word degree with a degree name.听He received an associate degree in digital technology;听not听He received an MBA degree.

The plural and singular form of degree is the same. They have master鈥檚 degrees.

We no longer use periods with degree abbreviations:听AA, BA, EdD, MA, MBA, MS, PhD, RN.

Capitalize when referring to official department or office names:听Office of University Communications and Marketing, Office of University Advancement, Department of Biology.

Lowercase when unofficial names are used:听members of the history department.

For the official names of programs and offices,听check the directory.

East, south, northeast, etc., are always lowercase when indicating compass direction.听Valerie is heading north.

Regions are capitalized.听The South is warm throughout December.

Widely known and legendary names can be capitalized, and not in quotation marks:听the Big Apple, the Bay Area, the Lone Star State, the West Side, Long Island鈥檚 East End.

Directions听(long version)

When included in a publication, directions should read as phrased听on the听Visitor鈥檚 Guide.

Directions听(short version)

In shorter publications, use the following abbreviated directions:

How to Reach the Adelphi Garden City Campus

By Car

Adelphi is on the western quarter of Long Island in Garden City, between the Southern State Parkway and the Northern State Parkway. The University sits off South Avenue, east of Nassau Boulevard. For detailed directions to reach Adelphi by car from your point of departure, call the directions hotline at 516.877.6844.

By Rail

The Long Island Rail Road runs on a frequent schedule. Travel time from New York City is roughly 45 minutes. The Hempstead line runs from Penn Station in Manhattan, Atlantic Terminal in Brooklyn or the Jamaica Station in Queens to the Nassau Boulevard Station. Adelphi鈥檚 campus is a short walk east on South Avenue.

By Plane

91吃瓜网 is conveniently located within 45 minutes of John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia airports. Public transportation is available.

In general, we use person-first language: a听person听with a听disability;听person with autism.听However, some people prefer what is called identity-first language:听a disabled person; an听autistic听or听autistic person. If referring to a specific individual or group, use the term preferred by them.

Avoid outdated, offensive words such as听handicapped.

Adelphi makes accommodations for persons with disabilities. Our disability statement must be placed on every on-campus event publication, including emails. It reads:

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and 91吃瓜网 require that all events be accessible. To request a reasonable accommodation, please contact the event host identified on the event webpage; please allow for a reasonable time frame. The event host, when necessary, will collaborate with the Student Access Office.

D.C. is abbreviated when used with Washington (Washington, D.C.); spell it out if standing alone.

I.e. is the abbreviation for Latin words meaning 鈥渢hat is,鈥� while听e.g.听means 鈥渇or example.鈥� Use听e.g.听to illustrate something already stated. Use听i.e.听to clarify a statement that has just been made.

Effect, as a verb, means to cause.听Julie will effect changes throughout the company. Effect, as a noun, means result.听The effect was substantial.

An ellipsis can be used when quoting someone and words are omitted or to indicate a pause in the flow of a sentence. Treat an ellipsis as a three-letter word, constructed with three periods and no spaces. When an ellipsis begins or ends a sentence, leave a space between the ellipsis and the period.

Only capitalize听email听if it starts a sentence, otherwise it is always lowercase.

Email addresses and URLs are mostly lowercase and always听bold听in print publications. Do not bold on web pages. Please note that email addresses and URLs are not case sensitive: jsmith@adelphi.edu.

Never use http:// or www.听They are not necessary.

Avoid breaking email addresses and URLs. If the address will not fit on a line, don鈥檛 add a hyphen or other punctuation. Break it before existing punctuation, such as periods, hyphens, slashes, double slashes, etc.

Emeritus听is singular, masculine. References to women should be听emerita听(singular) or听emeritae听(plural).听Emeriti听may serve as the plural for a group that is composed of men only or of men and women together. All references follow the noun and are set in roman type.

Unless an official title or direct quote from a person or historical document, use the terms听enslaved person,听enslaver, and听enslavement听instead of听slave, slave owner听and听slavery听to acknowledge the humanity of those were or are enslaved, both past and present.

Many people are still enslaved today. The family were the enslavers of four people.

But:听The spokesperson for Anti-Slavery International said, 鈥淪lavery did not end with the nineteenth century.鈥�

Do not hyphenate national origins even if they are used as adjectives.听Irish American, Polish American, Japanese American.

Use preferred ethnic designations鈥攊nstead of other identities.听Asian, African American, Latino/Latina.听Native American听is preferred over听American Indian.

Faculty听is a collective noun that takes a singular verb when referring to individuals acting as a single unit.听The faculty meets once a month.听When referring to group members acting individually, use听faculty members听to avoid confusion.听Our faculty members led various study-abroad trips this semester.

Always denote faculty ranks in formal lists:听Laura Esposito, Ph.D., professor of anthropology; Christian Rabinowitz, assistant professor of computer science.听On second reference use听Dr.听for those with doctoral degrees; use last name only for those without a doctorate. Never use听Professor听as a prefix.

Lowercase in generic use. Capitalize when designating a semester.听John joined the Adelphi community in Fall 2011.

Fewer is used for individual items and less for quantity.听Peter has fewer than 18 DVDs.

Never capitalize the names of majors, minors or fields of study, except English and foreign languages. Do not capitalize the words听major, minor听or听program鈥� only the program name if it is a formal title.

Use the term听first-year听as a noun and adjective to describe students beginning their first year in higher education.

If necessary for clarity, include听freshman听in parentheses:听a first-year student (freshman); first-year students (freshmen).

Italicize only those foreign words and phrases not found in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.

Only hyphenate when used as a compound modifier.听Louis works full time.听Lisa has a full-time designer position.

Unless subject has strong preference otherwise, use gender neutral nouns:听chair, firefighter, police officer, flight attendant;听not听chairman, fireman, policeman/policewoman, steward/stewardess.

Use the singular听they听when referring to someone whose gender is not specified. When possible, use the plural form to avoid the ungrammatical use of听they/their.

Instead of: Each author was chosen based on his or her research.
Use: Authors were chosen based on their research.

When this is not possible, use the singular they:

If your child registers after this date, they will have to make up the additional work.

Capitalize all specific references to governmental legislative bodies:听the U.S. Senate; the Senate; state Senate.

The abbreviation for grade point average is always capitalized and never with periods.

Use听he听or听she听and听him听or听her听as a gender neutral pronoun, never听he/she听or听him/her.

This term is always one word.

Hispanic听refers to people from Spanish-speaking countries.听Latino/a/LatinX听is a person of Latin American descent who can be of any background or language. Therefore, people from Chile, Guatemala or Cuba who speak Spanish are both Hispanic and Latino/a/LatinX. Brazilians who speak Portuguese are Latino/a/LatinX, not Hispanic, and Spanish-speaking people in Spain and outside Latin America are Hispanic but not Latino/a/LatinX.

In general, our style is听Hispanic, but use the term preferred by the individual or group, who may identify as, for example, Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Mexican American or Cuban American. If the individual or group does not identify as either Latino or Latina, the gender-neutral term听LatinX听can be used.

Try to avoid using hyphenation if possible.

When a prefix ends and a root word begins with the same vowel, some remain one word:

• cooperate
• cooperative (but co-op)
• nonprofit
• preeminent
• reelect
• reevaluate

Compound Nouns:

Some noun compounds are hyphenated:

• brother-in-law
• ex-president
• follow-up
• one-half
• well-being
• 18-year-old

Many noun compounds are not hyphenated:

• day care
• decision making
• lowest common denominator
• problem solving
• vice president

Many compounds are written as one word:

• copyediting
• database
• healthcare
• statewide
• workforce
• workplace
• workstation
• worldwide

Compound Numbers:

Fractions are hyphenated when written out, especially when it begins a sentence.听Three-fourths of the pizza was eaten. Seven thousand and thirty-five evictions were made.

A hyphen is always used between the numerator and denominator when a fraction is written out and used as an adjective.

Compound Adjectives:

Some compound adjectives are hyphenated:

• 6-foot-6 shooting guard
• 12th-century literature
• 210-pound bait
• blue-green eyes
• best-selling book
• matter-of-fact statement
• problem-solving techniques
• two-thirds majority
• well-known man

Other compound adjective forms are not hyphenated:

• northern New Jersey
• day care center
• food service industry
• healthcare plan

Some compound adjective forms are written as one word:

• catlike movements
• statewide referendum

Adverb and a Verb (Hyphenated when the adverb doesn鈥檛 end in 鈥榣y):

• an ill-favored hero
• a plainly marked trail
• a well-marked trail

Words with Prefixes:

When a prefix stands alone, it carries a hyphen:

• over- and underused
• macro- and microeconomics

Words formed with co- also are usually spelled without a hyphen, but note some exceptions:

• co-author (no hyphen in verb form)
• co-chairman
• co-editor
• co-host (no hyphen in verb form)
• co-op
• co-opt
• cofounder (no hyphen)

Between a Prefix and a Proper Name:

• mid-Atlantic
• pre-Cambrian
• pro-Doonesbury

Capitalization:

When hyphenated words appear in headlines and titles, capitalize both words:

• Non-Christian
• Non-European

This phrase is unnecessary. Write in the active voice.

Incorrect:听In order to win, Miami must win the turnover battle.
Correct:听To win, Miami must win the turnover battle.

There is no space between initials:

For example, C.S. Lewis, J.K. Rowling.

This term is lowercased unless beginning a sentence.

Note: This is a change from the 2015 edition of the University Editorial Manual.

Use as one word as a noun, two words as a verb.

• The Dolphins kick off at 4:15 p.m.
• The kickoff meeting is scheduled for today.

Last refers to something that won鈥檛 happen again or hasn鈥檛 happened again.听He performed his last task before resigning.

Past refers to something that can continue.听Hal Linden performed at Adelphi the past three years.

Adelphi has several academic centers on and off-campus.

The Hauppauge Education and Conference Center, Manhattan Center and Hudson Valley Center are all Adelphi locations off-campus.

Use full name upon first reference; afterward, they can be referred to as centers or learning hubs.

The Learning Center and Writing Center are both on the Garden City campus.

Use the inclusive term听LGBTQIA+,听which stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual,听transgender, questioning or queer,听intersex, and asexual/agender/allies, and others.

When inserting hyperlinks into a webpage or email, refrain from using the convention of 鈥渃lick here鈥� or 鈥渉ere鈥� or similar phrases. You should link a descriptive phrase as a best practice for the best user experience and search engine optimization.

See also:听URL听addresses听and听website.

Lists should be alphabetized with the first letter capitalized. It is acceptable to capitalize all words in a list for consistency.

The abbreviated usage is LIE, without periods.

Italicize magazine titles. Do not include听the听if it isn鈥檛 in the official title.

Majors are always lowercase except English and foreign languages. The only exception is in lists.

Use听manikins, not听mannequins,听when referring to models of the human body used for medical educational purposes.

Do not use the term听minority. Refer instead to听people of color,听students of color, etc. or听underserved听or听underrepresented populations.

Minors, except English and foreign languages, are always lowercase, except in lists.

Money is always shown as figures, even in amounts under a dollar:听$3.50;听$1,575;听$25,893;听$1.2 million;听8 cents.

Don鈥檛 use a decimal point and zeroes if a dollar value has no cents.听Tickets cost $10.

Always capitalize the names of months. Do not abbreviate and do not use a comma between the month and the year when no date is included.听Jim graduated in May 2015. If you must abbreviate for space limitations (only on websites or in tables), shorten as follows:听Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

Use听more than听to convey quantity.听Chris has more than 15 projects on his desk.

Over听refers to space/direction.听The horse jumped over the obstacle.

On first reference, use the company鈥檚 full, formal name as per the copyright at the bottom of the homepage of its website. A short version may be used on second reference to preserve space.听General Electric Company turned in profits during the first quarter. GE announced a plan to go green last year.

Formal titles of organizations and their departments and divisions are capitalized. Lowercase shortened versions, such as听company, department, school: Department of Anthropology, the department, College of Arts and Sciences, the college.

A person鈥檚 full name is used on first reference. On second reference use听Dr.听for those with doctoral degrees; use last name for those without a doctorate.

A middle initial is acceptable if the person prefers it and in names of buildings. Robert B. Willumstad School of Business.

Jr., II, 3rd,听etc., are only used with the person鈥檚 complete name. Do not use a comma after the name.

Don鈥檛 use periods when people are referred to by initials:听JFK, FDR.

A maiden name should be used in alumni publications or if a woman prefers it. If using a maiden name, use听nee听in italics between the married and maiden name (Jessica Smith nee Lombardi).

Nicknames, if used, are not in quotation marks. See also,

Neurodiversity听refers to the variation in the human brain regarding the ways we learn, socialize, behave and process emotions. Do not use the term听neurodiverse听to describe an individual: a person can be described as either听neurotypical, meaning someone whose brain functions within standard norms in how they learn, behave, socialize and process emotions, or听neurodivergent鈥攕omeone whose brain functions differently, for example, a person with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, obsessive compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder.听

No. is the abbreviation for number. It is accepted to use听No.听or听no.

It is in the writer鈥檚 discretion to use either option because they have the same meaning.

91吃瓜网 is a nonprofit organization.

The Long Island Bombers, a not-for-profit beep baseball team, practices every Sunday in Rockville Centre.

One through nine are always spelled out, as well as first through ninth. Use numerals for higher numbers:听the sixth man, the 106th time the Yankees won, fourth-grade student.

Use numerals for round numbers in the millions and billions:听9 billion seashells; 17 million residents.

Use decimals when numbers are not round:听3.6 million geocaches.

Ages and hours of the day are always numerals.听A 3-year-old boy. Sam is 7 years old. The meeting is at 6:00 p.m.

Percentages are also always numerals.听Enrollment grew 8 percent in 2010.

Spell numbers out when beginning a sentence. Rewrite the sentence, if necessary.听Seventeen students won the spelling bee.

A hyphen should be used between the tens and units number when writing out the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine in words (beginning a sentence):听Three thousand seventy-nine.

Use a hyphen between the numerator and denominator when a fraction is written out and the fraction is an adjective.听Two-thirds of the pizza was eaten.

Use numerals for scores, court decisions and legislative votes:听a 7鈥�2 win; a 56鈥�44 Senate vote.

Casual expressions are spelled out.听He was among a hundred civilians.

Commas are used in numbers more than 1,000, except when referring to SAT scores.听Rent is $1,500. Jason scored 1210 on the SAT.

Either term must be hyphenated when it is used as a modifier. Drop the hyphen when campus is used as a noun.

• The on-campus bookstore offers great prices.
• Gina works off campus.

All formal titles are capitalized:听The听Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, the Office of University Communications and Marketing, the Institute for Parenting.

Unofficial forms are lowercase:听the office, the college.

On second reference, capitalize University, School, College and Institute when referring to Adelphi and its official schools.

Both are acceptable and under the writer鈥檚 discretion. Just be consistent.

One word when referring to being digitally connected.

Avoid the use of听actually, awesome, basically, really, totally, kind of, sort of听and similar words and phrases.

Only hyphenate when used as a compound modifier.听Louis works part time. Lisa has a part-time designer position.

Do not use the term听minority. Refer instead to听people of color,听students of color, etc. or听underserved听or听underrepresented populations.

Spell out听percent听in running text and, if space allows, in charts, graphs, etc. It is acceptable to use the percent sign (%) in scientific and statistical copy, if necessary.

Percentages should always be in numerals, including when listing percentages under 10. The noun in the phrase determines whether the verb is singular or plural.听Eighteen percent of the team is playing this season.

Do not hyphenate when using percent as an adjectival phrase:听a 20 percent increase.

Periods are used when a URL or email address ends a complete sentence. They are not set in bold type unless part of the URL or email.

Phone numbers are always listed with periods: 516.877.3267.

Do not include 1 in long-distance and 800 numbers: 800.678.7887.

Phone numbers, including extensions (ext. 0000), are bold in running text in print pieces and email. Do not bold on web pages.

Do not use a plus symbol (+) in body copy.听Plus听can be used as a substitute for听and, also, besides听or听in addition.

Programs are capitalized when using the official name of a program:听Jaggar Community Fellows Program. In unofficial references, lowercase and treat like majors and minors, which are always lowercase, except English and foreign languages.

Physical quantities follow the numbers rule:听20 miles, seven square feet, 570 volts, three meters.

Use figures to show fractions and quantities comprising whole numbers:听5.5脳8.5-inch paper.

Use numerals if an abbreviation is used for the unit of measure:听2 mi., 3 hrs., 80 mph.

Always use smart quotes (鈥溾��), not dumb quotes (鈥�).

Quotations are used to enclose direct quotations, names of presentations, lectures, speeches, titles of songs, poems, short stories and chapters. Never use quotation marks around words without attribution to who said it.听鈥淟eaders don鈥檛 follow,鈥� he said. As she walked, she looked and said, 鈥淛oe said 鈥業 don鈥檛 want to disturb anything.鈥欌��

In quote usage, the comma comes before the closed quote marks.

Course names are capitalized and never in quotation marks or italics.听Freshmen must take SOC 100 Introduction to Sociology to begin the program.

Semicolons are placed outside quotation marks.听Chris said he 鈥渆xhausted all of his options鈥�; yet he still persevered.

Colons are placed outside of quotation marks.

Question marks, and all other punctuation, are placed inside or outside quotation marks depending on their use in the sentence.听鈥淲hat was that?鈥� he said. Are you going to the lecture, 鈥淐hanging the Times鈥�?

Use an en dash with no spaces to show range such as time, etc.:听7:00 p.m.鈥�10:00 p.m.,1995鈥�1997, A鈥揊, pages 211鈥�215.

Use the term听residence hall,听not听dorm.

Use听residence halls, resident student, resident assistant.

Use accents for the document of someone鈥檚 job and education history. Without accents, it is a verb.

Capitalize class years when used as a proper noun:听Class of 1986.听Only capitalize听25th reunion class听in headlines.

Room听and听Booth听are capitalized when followed by a number.听Floor,听lobby听and听lounge听are all lowercase.

Do not use periods.

Don鈥檛 include听please鈥攊t is redundant.

Do not use commas:听1260.

Adelphi has many scholarship opportunities. Their formal names can be found on the听Student Financial Services听website.

The names of听听are listed in the听University Bulletin.

Capitalize seasons when referring to a specific time:听the Fall 2018 semester.

Lowercase general usages:听The summer is over.

Capitalize references to semesters:听the Spring 2018 semester.

Omit the serial comma unless necessary for sense or part of a title.

If the text in a series is bold, or if listing a name with degree obtained, the comma following the period in the degree or the period or comma following the final piece in the series will also be bold.

For easier reading, exclude 鈥淥ffice of鈥� and 鈥淒epartment of鈥� for campus signage:听Human Resources,听not听Office of Human Resources; Public Safety,听not听Department of Public Safety.

All terms are acceptable to use.听Phone听can refer to either a mobile phone or landline.听

Do not capitalize听number听unless it is part of a title.

SSN听or听Social Security no.听may be used if space dictates.

Use a single space after a period or colon.

Do not use spaces around hyphens, en dashes or em dashes.

SUNY is no longer used as a modifier.

For the formal names of universities and colleges within the system, refer to their official websites.

This term is hyphenated.

That听refers to inanimate objects and introduces an essential clause.听Noelle uses a program that allows her to create intricate designs.

Which听is the only acceptable pronoun to introduce a nonessential clause that refers to an inanimate object.听Lauren passed the test, which the professor gave unannounced.

That听is used for objects and听who听is used for people.

Correct:听He is the man who married my sister.

Incorrect:听He is the man that married my sister.

Use听theater听generically and听theatre听only if part of a proper noun:听Department of Theatre, Black Box Theatre, American Ballet Theatre.

Use figures for all times, including听12:00 noon听and听12:00 midnight. A colon separates hours from minutes:听11:00 a.m., 1:15 p.m., 3:45 p.m.

Use a space between听11:00听and听a.m., and always use periods for听a.m.听and听p.m.听Never use phrases such as听10:00 a.m.听this morning,听10:00 p.m.听tonight; they are redundant.

Repeat听a.m.听and听p.m.听when a span is given, and separate using an en dash with no spaces:听6:30 a.m.鈥�10:00 a.m.

All words are capitalized in titles except articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) and prepositions (at, by, in, to, etc.) of less than four letters, except when they come at the beginning or end of a title. Always capitalize the principal words, including prepositions and conjunctions of four or more letters. That includes the word听With.

Italicize the titles of:

• Books, magazines, pamphlets
• Long works and compositions
• Works of art and art exhibitions
• Legal cases
• Plays, movies, television programs
• Symphonies, concerts and operas, albums

If the text is already in italics, the above should be in roman type to differentiate. Titles of short poems, stories, speeches, lectures, presentations, chapters of books, TV show episodes and other short works are in quotation marks.

Use Roman, Quotation Marks for the Titles of:

• Short poems, short stories
• Articles
• Speeches, presentations, posters
• Chapters of books, TV show episodes and other short works
• Songs

His favorite episode of听I Love Lucy听was 鈥淭he Candy Factory.鈥�

Song titles are in quotation marks and album names are in italics. The Beatles鈥� 鈥淟ucy in the Sky With Diamonds鈥� is on the album听Yellow Submarine.

Use Roman, No Quotes for Titles of:

• Parts of a book. Spelled out and set lowercase: part III, page ix, chapter 19.
• Names of apps, software, board games and video games: Monopoly, chess, Dungeons and Dragons, Angry Birds, Adobe Acrobat.

Hyphens in Titles:

Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated compound in headlines if both are actual words:听Cease-Fire, Able-Bodied, Sit-In, Make-Believe.

Capitalize if the title appears before a name. Lowercase when used after a name.听Executive Director of Personnel Susan Schmidt attended the workshop. Claire Moynahan is the associate editor.

For Adelphi alumni, we list the degrees and years received:听Sarah Goldstein 鈥�88, MA 鈥�90, PhD 鈥�95.听For non-alumni, we include doctoral degrees only:听Amir Patel, PhD.

On first reference, use full name, degree and graduation years (if applicable) and title. Thereafter, use last name only for those who have not earned doctoral degrees and听Dr.听for those who have:听Rick Garcia 鈥�18 worked with Associate Professor Gail听Chen,听PhD, on her research. Garcia said working with Dr. Chen was a life-changing experience.听

Use听freshman听or听first-year student,听sophomore,听junior听or听senior听when referring to a student who has not graduated. We do not use anticipated years of graduation unless using the name as a writer byline on the Adelphi news site or in a print publication:听by Lucy Considine 鈥�22 (anticipated).

Use听the American Englishtoward, etc. rather than the British towards. The same applies for听forward,听afterward,听backward, etc.

Refer to as听transfer students听on first mention. Afterward it is permissible to say听transfers.

Transgender听refers to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex.

A听trans woman听is someone assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman; a听trans man听is someone assigned female at birth who identifies as a man.

Cisgender听refers to someone assigned a gender at birth who identifies as that gender.

Use the gender-neutral terms听first-years and sophomores听instead of听underclassmen,听and听juniors and seniors听instead of听upperclassmen.听

See the听Guide to Inclusive Language.

United听States听should be used as a noun.听U.S.听is used as an adjective.

Email addresses and URLs should be lowercase unless to do so would cause a technical issue.

Always听bold听email addresses and URLs in print publications.听Do not bold on web pages.

Never use http:// or www. They are not necessary.听URLs do not need the / at the end.

Avoid breaking URLs. If the address will not fit on a line, don鈥檛 add a hyphen or other punctuation. Break it before existing punctuation, such as periods, hyphens, slashes, double slashes, etc.

Examples:

In print: For more information, visit adelphi.edu/academics/.

On web or in email: For more information, visit adelphi.edu/academics/.

When referring to the credit card, use听Visa, not听VISA. Lowercase when referring to an immigration or travel document.

Web is lowercased unless beginning a sentence, whether听it stands alone or as part of a phrase.

Keith is the director of web technologies.

Webpage听is always one word, never two, and lowercased unless beginning a sentence.

Website听is one word in all references.

Used as the subject of a verb,听who听is a nominative pronoun or the predicate nominative complement of a linking verb.听Whom听is the object of a preposition.

Serena is the copywriter who takes care of the Open House pieces.

She is the person to whom we sent the invitation.

Use听WiFi, not听Wi-Fi听or听wifi, when referring to a wireless connection.

驰辞耻鈥檙别听means 鈥測ou are.鈥�

Your听is a possessive pronoun.

ZIP听stands for 鈥淶oning Improvement Plan鈥� and all three letters should be capitalized and never have periods. Two spaces are used between the state designation and the number.

For Adelphi, use 11530-0701 only if P.O. Box 701 is listed. If it just refers to 1听South Avenue, do not use the extension.